Ecological genomics and process modeling of local adaptation to climate.

Locally adapted genotypes have higher fitness in their native site in comparison to foreign genotypes. Recent studies have demonstrated both local adaptation to and genomic associations with a range of climate variables. For climate adaptation, the most common genomic pattern is conditional neutrality, as proven by weak across-environment correlations, frequent SNP×environment interactions, and the topology of some developmental and physiological pathways potentially involved in local adaptation. Genomic association approaches readily translate to non-model systems, and genetically explicit climate envelope models will predict future species' distributions under changing climates. Here, we review recent evidence for local adaptation to climate, focusing primarily on the model system, Arabidopsis thaliana, and on studies incorporating genomic tools into field studies or climate analyses.